A trend in this series of articles has been to focus on new construction, and to address some of the more common-and in some cases less common-situations encountered by drywall contracting companies of medium to large size. Consequently, little attention has been paid to the procedures used in renovation projects, where the modifying of existing construction is frequently performed by the smaller contractor.

Recently, many homeowners have taken advantage of record-low interest rates and the appreciation of their current homes to buy bigger, newer houses, and in doing so, they have expanded the niche for contractors who specialize in sprucing up the many older residences that have been put up for resale. Some sellers will sell them in as-is condition; others will fix them up first to maximize their selling price. In other words, there is money to be made fixing up these older homes either before or after they are put on the market.

One of the potential problems with an older home, particularly one with lath and plaster walls, is that the plaster may be in less-than-ideal condition. Occasionally, the topcoat has begun to delaminate from the basecoat, and in some instances the basecoat has begun to let go of the lath. Unfortunately, plaster repair has become a very specialized trade, and in many areas it is becoming increasingly difficult to find a contractor who can do these repairs on short notice.

It is often more practical and cost effective to use gypsum panel products to repair or resurface walls that are unacceptable in appearance or to cover unwanted openings. However, because this isn't new work, there are some situations that may emerge that will challenge the renovator, and if not executed properly, will produce aesthetically unpleasant or unacceptable results. Responding to a need for guidelines for this type of work, the technical committee of the Gypsum Association added a new section to its recently revised application manual, "GA-216-04, Application and Finishing of Gypsum Panel Products" (formerly "Application and Finishing of Gypsum Board"). Section 12 in this document addresses items that make the difference between a poorly done renovation using gypsum panel products versus a well done one.

These points may seem quite obvious; however, sometimes the urge to skip certain steps may outweigh the concern that the job won't turn out, as well as it should-that only the trained eye would see any imperfections and most homeowners just aren't that discerning. Most of us who've attempted this kind of work and succumbed to this line of thinking have suffered the consequences and wound up learning the hard way that it is better (and far more profitable) to do it right the first time.

Section 12 of GA-216-04 offers direction on proper surface preparation, framing spacing, furring, fastener spacing, shimming and adhesive attachment. Most of these recommendations are relatively simple but followed in their entirety and in the proper sequence, can make a significant difference in overall project's final appearance. And since previous editions of this manual have been referenced by some model building codes, it is quite likely that these new passages will also soon be an authoritative source for your local building official. Here are the highlights in narrative form:

Preparation

The preparation for renovation or remodeling work with gypsum panel products lays the foundation for the rest of the work. If the preparation is substandard, the final product is going to suffer. GA-216-04 recommends that wall and ceiling surfaces to receive additional layers of gypsum panel products must first have all wallpaper and loose plaster removed, high spots shaved down, and low spots filled. Voids resulting from the removal of loose plaster must be shimmed to the same thickness as the plaster prior to installing new gypsum panel products. As an alternative, the entire area to be repaired can be furred out using furring channels. In the instance where more than 50 percent of the wall or ceiling surface is damaged or removed during the renovation process, the entire surface must be removed and the gypsum panel products applied over the existing framing as if for new construction.

Shimming

As mentioned above, areas where the existing plaster has been removed down to the lath or other substrate must be shimmed so that the shims are flush with the surrounding plaster to ensure that the gypsum panel products placed over the area are installed without protruding edges. Wood shims must be a minimum of 1 1⁄2 inches wide (the same width as the narrow dimension of a nominal 2x4), and gypsum panel shims must be a minimum of 2 inches wide. It is important that the shims comply with the minimum width requirements because if there is a butt joint in the wallboard, there must be sufficient shim material beneath to properly support the ends of both boards. Also, if the wood shims are too narrow, they are more likely to split when attempting to run a fastener through them. Fasteners (nails or screws) must be spaced no more than 6 inches on center when attaching shims to either wood or steel framing.

Furring

To prepare for the installation of furring, bulges in the existing surface that prevent the furring from fitting tightly against the surface must be removed. This will allow the face of the furring to be placed level across the wall or ceiling. Shims are to be used to level the surface of the furring where voids or depressions occur in the surface of the substrate.

Framing

It is important to determine the condition and spacing of the existing framing before applying a layer of a gypsum panel product to an existing wall even if the framing members are covered by a finish material, such as plaster or gypsum board. Gypsum panel products may be applied directly to existing wall and ceiling surfaces using nails or screws alone, or in combination with supplemental adhesives. When doing so, it is important to ensure that the framing members are sound, rigid, and properly aligned. Framing should not be spaced more than 16 inches on center for 3/8-inch thick gypsum panel products or not more than 24 inches on center for 1/2- or 5/8-inch thick gypsum panel products. Gypsum panel products that are either 1/4- or 5/16-inch thick should only be used for direct application to mechanically sound walls and ceilings that are flat, level and without void spaces.

Fasteners

Nails and screws may be used to apply gypsum panel products over wood-framed walls; steel-framed walls always require the use of screws. Whichever fastener is being used, one must ensure that the fastener length is sufficient to penetrate through the new gypsum panel product and the existing finish to the required depth into the framing. Nails must penetrate into wood framing at least 7/8 of an inch. They must be spaced no more than 8 inches apart on walls and no more than 7 inches apart on ceilings.

Screws must penetrate into wood framing at least 5/8 inches and into steel framing at least 3/8 inches. Screws must not be spaced more than 16 inches apart on walls and 12 inches apart on ceilings where framing members spaced at 16 inches on center. Screws must be spaced no more than 12 inches apart on walls and ceilings where framing members are spaced at 24 inches on center.

Adhesive Attachment

Adhesive may be used to enhance fastener attachment of gypsum panel products to plaster walls or existing or new framing members. Before using an adhesive to install gypsum panel products to an existing surface, bond tests on the existing substrate should be conducted in several areas to ensure the effectiveness of the system. To test the bond of an adhesive, remove any loose material or wallpaper from the plaster so that the adhesive used is in direct contact with a mechanically sound surface. Apply a single 3/8-inch-by-3-inch bead of adhesive to an 8-inch square sample of the gypsum panel product and press the sample to the surface. Repeat this process in several areas throughout the project. Allow the adhesive sufficient time to set (per the label directions) and then evaluate the bond by pulling the samples away from the existing surface.

The bond is considered acceptable if the backing is torn from the specimens and remains attached to the wall or ceiling. If the bond is determined to be acceptable, the gypsum panel products may be applied to the existing plaster surfaces using a combination of fasteners and adhesive (see figure):

Installing a new gypsum panel product surface over an old wall or ceiling is often the best way to revitalize an existing room. It is usually faster, cheaper, and requires skills that are more readily available and more easily acquired than those needed for replacing or repairing large areas of damaged plaster or gypsum board. Anyone who can competently install and finish gypsum panel products can take advantage of the growing repair and remodel market with excellent results by applying the practices described in "GA-216-04, Application and Finishing of Gypsum Panel Products."