Wisconsin has been a high-performing state year after year, but it takes the top spot for the highest scores on fair and open competition policies prohibiting government-mandated project labor agreements, ensuring market-driven wages on public-works jobs and protecting workers with its right-to-work law; a sustained level of positive job growth in construction, with a five-year job growth rate of 4.4 percent; a continued commitment to quality career and technical education, delivering a 97.4 percent graduation rate for students in career technical-education programs and a 91.4 percent rate of post-secondary CTE students placed in careers and/or apprenticeship programs; and a workforce development pipeline that delivers a construction labor supply over 100 percent of demand amidst a severe, nationwide construction labor shortage.

Arkansas came in second behind Wisconsin, one step up from 2023, when it ranked third. The state has excelled at all aspects of fostering and educating a skilled workforce, boasting a 6.1 percent growth rate in construction industry jobs and delivering outstanding results in CTE. Arkansas also maintains a fair and open public construction market, allowing the full breadth of the state’s construction workforce to pursue projects.

Florida, Arizona and Indiana remain high-performing states. All three maintain exceptional CTE and workforce-development programs, delivering a robust and highly skilled workforce. Indiana continues to protect public projects from the threat of PLAs on the state and local level when possible, including targeted policies, such as the prohibition of government-mandated PLAs on large-scale projects in Indianapolis. This highlights Indiana’s successful defense of the merit shop and taxpayers in a historically difficult Midwestern political environment.

Florida, a former first-place state, continues to perform highly across the board. With one of the largest economies in the country and extensive labor needs, it has maintained a particular focus on innovative, career-centered education opportunities. This continues to yield positive results for craft professionals and the construction workforce, as the state experiences record population growth.

Arizona returned to the top 10 in 2024 due to a 5.8 percent job growth rate in construction and a 90 percent labor supply versus demand, along with the state’s continued maintenance of a prohibition on government-mandated PLAs and other policy vehicles fostering an attractive business environment.

Michigan continued to drop in the rankings in 2024, falling to No. 33 due to the full repeal of right-to-work legislation. The legislature continues to work to repeal the Fair and Open Competition Act. This caps off an adversarial two years for the merit shop that already saw the full reinstatement of prevailing wage — initially repealed in 2018 — in 2023 via codification after Democratic Gov. Gretchen Whitmer reinstated prevailing wage through executive action in 2022, in addition to 2024’s repeal of right to work.

The bottom five states, in ranking order, were Washington, the District of Columbia, Illinois, New York and Hawaii, each receiving poor ratings for creating conditions and policies that allow merit-shop contractors to thrive.

Low-performing states maintain policies unfriendly to open-shop contractors and taxpayers, such as encouraging or requiring the use of government-mandated PLAs on state and/or local projects, including new executive actions by governors in Hawaii, Maryland and Pennsylvania. Policies limiting opportunity for the merit-shop workforce, which makes up the majority of construction workers in these states, also lead to lower-than-desired outcomes in workforce readiness and job growth for the construction industry, whether union or merit-shop.

The 2024 Building America: The Merit Shop Scorecard rates state laws, programs, policies and statistics in seven categories: project labor agreements, prevailing wage laws, right-to-work laws, public-private partnerships, workforce development, CTE and job growth rate.